The New Europe

The ‘New Terrorism’ and the ‘War on Terror’

Based on Chapter of the same name in Cottey, Andrew. 2007. Security in the New Europe. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

What’s new about the “new terrorism?” What was the “old terrorism?”

Note: origins of the word in Western politics

The French Revolution

The “Reign of Terror”

Terror used against Jacobins’ political enemies

The Old Terrorism

On the Right: Separatist/nationalist movements based in Europe

The IRA

ETA

On the Left:

Baader Meinhof Gang

The Red Brigades

Old Terrorism

– viewed as internal problems

– to be remedied by better policing, better intelligence gathering

External Threats

Like the Palestinian cause

Sought to address grievances

Reduce the conditions giving rise to the terrorism

US “War on Terror”

Why the quotes?

What are the main differences between the US “war on terror” and the European approach to terrorism?

Similarities?

Are the differences really more a matter of rhetoric, emphasis while out goals are really the same?

The New Terrorism

“global Islamic terrorism”

External or internal threat?

External

Madrid Bombings March 2004

Moroccan Islamic Combat Group

London 7-7-05 Bombings

Right-Wing Extremists: 2011 Norway Attacks

The Enemy Within: Why Europe Is Prone to Terrorist Movements

Geography

Political Freedom

Atmosphere of Debate/Public Controversy

Pull Factors to Europe

Freedom of Religious Practice, Belief

Limited more than US (although Europe is highly critical of the way the “war on terror” has been used to justify the violation of human rights, e.g., of those detained at Guantanamo Bay, extraordinary rendition, the death penalty, etc.)

New Laws against Incitement to Terrorism in the UK, e.g.

Links among UK Clerics and Terrorism

7/7 Bombing Leader’s Video

Growing Muslim Population in Europe

*careful here not to equate Muslims with terrorists!

Why even go here? Why mention this here?

Source: INMINDS

BBC Special Report on Muslims in Europe

Pew Global Attitudes Report

Root Causes of Terrorism

Internally

Alienation, social exclusion

Culture clash

Symptoms:

Racism

Segregation

Muhammad cartoon

Van Gogh Murder

Remedies

European Social Model (Social Rights; Political Rights)

Assimilation Programs?

Language Classes

Inter-Cultural Dialogue

Externally

Foreign Policy

Remedies

Trade and Cooperation

European Neighborhood Program

Mediterranean Basin Project

Under-Development

Remedies

Aid to Developing Countries

State Building

Trade

Educational and Professional Exchange